Clinical Outcomes & References

Clinically proven.

The SPRINT PNS System has been studied extensively for low back pain, shoulder pain, post-amputation pain, and chronic and acute post-operative pain, and is indicated for use up to 60 days.

SPRINT system-related peer-reviewed publications, presentations, and collected data.

• McCormick ZL, Lester DD, DePalma MJ, Gilmore CA, Li S, Jameson JB, Desai MJ, Weaver TE, Lad SP, Davidoff SJ, Trainor DM, Amirdelfan K, Engle MP, Deer TR, Vetri F, Bindahl M, Tomero-Bold MA, Nasseri MN, Cohen SP, Clark WH, McGee MJ, Boggs JW, 60-Day Percutaneous PNS vs. Standard Interventional Management for Chronic LBP: RESET Clinical Trial Primary Endpoint Results, As presented at the 2024 ASRA Pain Medicine Meeting, November 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Gilmore GA, Deer TR, Desai MJ, Li S, DePalma MJ, Swan BD, McGee MJ, Boggs JW, Four-Year Follow-Up from a Prospective, Multicenter Study of 60-day Medial Branch Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Axial Back Pain, As presented at the 2024 ASRA Pain Medicine Meeting, November 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Eshraghi Y, Grant SA, Goree JH, Dickerson DM, Vaid S, Valimahomed AK, Shah JR, Smith GL, Finneran JJ, Shah NN, Guirguis MN, Eckmann MS, Antony AB, Ohlendorf BJ, Gupta M, Gilbert JE, Wongsarnpigoon A, Boggs JW, Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (PNS) Relieves Persistent Postoperative Pain and Improves Function: Long-term Follow-up from a Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, As presented at the 2024 ASRA Pain Medicine Meeting, November 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Vorenkamp K, Lee G, Lester D, Konda C, Cohen S, Crosby ND, Boggs JW, Durable Multi-Year Relief of Shoulder Pain Following 60-Day PNS Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Follow-Up Survey Study, As presented at the 2024 ASRA Pain Medicine Meeting, November 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Vorenkamp K, Lee G, Lester D, Konda C, Cohen S, Crosby ND, Boggs JW, Shoulder Surgery Avoidance Through Multiple Years Following 60-Day PNS Treatment: Outcomes from a Cross-Sectional Follow-Up Survey Study, As presented at the 2024 ASRA Pain Medicine Meeting, November 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Kissoon N, Gutierrez GG, McCormick ZL, Gilmore C, Pingree M, Pope J, DiBenedetto D, Sayal P, Huffman WJ, Zurn CA, Crosby ND, Boggs JW, Significant Relief of Headache Pain Following 60-Day PNS: Three-Month Outcomes From a Prospective, Single-Arm Study, As presented at the 2024 ASRA Pain Medicine Meeting, November 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Sheth S, Kost J, Nagpal A, Huntoon M, McGee M, Boggs JW, Use of 60-day Percutaneous PNS for Sacroiliac (SI) Joint Pain: A Retrospective Review of Real-World Outcomes, As presented at the 2024 ASRA Pain Medicine Meeting, November 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Gutierrez GJ, Puri S, Hasoon JJ, Sarna R, Lo CC, Caylor JR, Frederick DA, Gilbert JE, Wongsarnpigoon A, Boggs JW, Percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation used for knee pain: single-center results from a retrospective chart review, As presented at the 2024 ASRA Pain Medicine Meeting, November 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Valimahomed A,  Dickerson D , Vucetic H , Rutledge J, Zurn C , Crosby ND, Boggs JW, Real-world evidence of durable multi-dimensional improvement after 60-dayperipheral nerve stimulation treatment used for shoulder pain, Pain Management, July 2024.
• Aman MM, Gutierrez GJ, Walker KB, Rustom DH, Shaw ET, Huffman WJ, Crosby ND, Boggs JW, Percutaneous PNS Used for the Treatment of Chronic Shoulder Pain: A Multi-Center Retrospective Chart Review, As presented at the 2024 ASPN Annual Conference, July 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Patel P, Chan KS, Ang S, McGee M, Huntoon M, Retrospective Review of 60-day Peripheral Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, As presented at the 2024 ASPN Annual Conference, July 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Goree JH, Grant SA, Dickerson DM, Ilfeld BM, Eshraghi Y, Vaid S, Valimahomed AK, Shah JR, Smith GL, Finneran JJ, Shah NN, Guirguis MN, Eckmann MS, Antony AB, Ohlendorf BJ, Gupta M, Gilbert GE, Wongsarnpigoon A, Boggs JW, Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Relieves Chronic Postoperative Pain and Improves Function After Total Knee Arthroplasty: Holistic Responders in a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Randomized Controlled Trial, As presented at the 2024 ASPN Annual Conference, July 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Gutierrez GJ, Mehta P, Mouch T, Puri S, Caylor JR, Huffman WJ, Crosby ND, Boggs JW, A Single-Center Retrospective Chart Review of Percutaneous PNS for Treatment of Chronic Shoulder Pain, Interventional Pain Management, July 2024 
• Sheth SJ, Mauck WD, Russo DP, Keuffel EL, Gunnarsson CL, Stultz M, McGee MJ, Huntoon MA, Potential Cost Savings with 60-day Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Treatment in Chronic Axial Low Back Pain, Pain and Therapy, July 2024 
• Pritzlaff SG, Latif U, Rosenow JM, Chae J, Wilson RD, Huffman WJ, Crosby ND, Boggs JW, A Review of Prospective Studies Regarding Percutaneous PNS Treatment in the Management of Chronic Pain, Pain Management, May 2024
• Goree JH, Grant SA, Dickerson DM, Ilfeld BM, Eshraghi Y, Vaid S,  Valimahomed AK, Shah JR, Smith GL, Finneran JJ, Shah NN, Guirguis MN, Eckmann MS, Antony AB, Ohlendorf BJ, Gupta M, Gilbert JE, Wongsarnpigoon A, Boggs JW, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of 60-Day Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Treatment Indicates Relief of Persistent Postoperative Pain, and Improved Function After Knee Replacement, Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, May 2024.
• Gutierrez GJ, Zurn CA, Crosby ND, Sustained Relief of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Pain Following a 60-Day Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: A Report of Three Cases, Cureus, February 2024. 
• Dickerson DM, Goree JH, Grant SA, Ilfeld BM, Eshraghi Y, Vaid S, Valimahomed AK, Shah JR, Smith GL, Finneran JJ, Shah NN, Guirguis MN, Eckmann MS, Antony AB, Ohlendorf BJ, Gupta M, Gilbert JE, Wongsarnpigoon A, Boggs JW, Percutaneous PNS Relieves Persistent Postoperative Pain and Improves Function Following TKA: Initial RCT Results, As presented at the NANS 2024 Annual Meeting, January 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Dickerson DM, Gunnarsson C, Epstein AJ, Keuffel EL, Stultz M, Crosby ND, Huntoon MA, Cost Benefits of Medicare Patients Receiving 60-Day PNS Treatment Versus Other Forms of Permanent PNS, As presented at the NANS 2024 Annual Meeting, January 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Sheth SJ, Keuffel EL, Gunnarsson CL, McGee MJ, Huntoon MA, Cost Savings Associated with 60-Day PNS in the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain, As presented at the NANS 2024 Annual Meeting, January 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Gutierrez J, Mehta P, Mouch T, Puri S, Caylor JR, Huffman WJ, Crosby ND, Boggs JW, A Single-Center, Retrospective Chart Review of 60-day PNS Used for Shoulder Pain, As presented at the NANS 2024 Annual Meeting, January 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Valimahomed A, Dickerson D, Vucetic H, Rutledge J, Zurn CA, Crosby ND, Boggs JW, Real-World Results of 60-day Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Used for Shoulder Pain: Analysis Across Multiple Domains of Health, As presented at the NANS 2024 Annual Meeting, January 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Reece D, McCormick Z, Shah N, Mao H, Erosa S, Zurn CA, Crosby ND, Boggs JW, Assessing Multi-Dimensional Improvement Following 60-Day PNS Used for Knee Pain: A Retrospective Review, As presented at the NANS 2024 Annual Meeting, January 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Rejai S, Sukumaran HP, Qadri YJ, Sheth S, Huffman WJ, Crosby ND, Boggs JW, Retrospective Review of 60-day PNS Treatment Targeting Groin Nerves for Chronic Pain Relief, As presented at the NANS 2024 Annual Meeting, January 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Erosa SA, Dickerson DM, Urits I, Wang J, Huffman WJ, Crosby ND, Boggs JW, Real-world Outcomes from 60-day PNS Used for Pain in the Cluneal Nerve Distribution: a Retrospective Review, As presented at the NANS 2024 Annual Meeting, January 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Li S, Lester D, Qadri Y, Clark W, McGee M, Boggs JW, Retrospective Review of 60-day PNS Targeting Lumbar Medial Branches in Individuals with Spondylosis Without Radiculopathy, As presented at the NANS 2024 Annual Meeting, January 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Slavin KV, Hagedorn JM, Huntoon MA, Crosby ND, Boggs JW, Real-World Outcomes Following 60-day PNS for the Treatment of Chronic Pain in a Medicare-Eligible Cohort, As presented at the NANS 2024 Annual Meeting, January 2024. View Poster Here. 
• Huntoon MA, Slavin KV, Hagedorn JM, Crosby ND, Boggs JW, A Retrospective Review of Real-world Outcomes Following 60-day Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Pain, Pain Physician, May 2023.
• Deer TR, Shah A, Slavin K, Vorenkamp KE, Shah S, Leong M, McRoberts WP, Birds of a Feather Redux: Defining Ways to Stimulate the Peripheral Nervous System, Dovepress, April 2023.
• Gilmore CA, Deer TR, Desai MJ, Hopkins TJ, Li S, DePalma MJ, Cohen SP, McGee MJ, Boggs JW, Durable patient-reported outcomes following 60-day percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) of the medial branch nerves, Interventional Pain Medicine, March 2023.
• Sheth SJ, Kissoon NR, Pingree MJ, Dicerson DM, Ottestad E, Zurn CA, Crosby ND, Boggs JW. Real-world evidence of significant pain relief following 60-day stimulation of occipital nerves for the treatment of chronic pain. As presented at the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (ASRA), November, 2022. View Poster Here.
• Shah SS, Manvar A, Shah N, Erosa S, Zurn CA, Crosby ND, Boggs JW. Significant and sustained relief of shoulder pain following 60-day PNS treatment: A real-world retrospective review. As presented at the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (ASRA), November, 2022. View Poster Here.
• Huntoon MA, Crosby ND, Swan BD, deBock MG, Boggs JW. Histological evaluation of tissue ingrowth in open-coil percutaneous 60-day peripheral nerve stimulation leads. As presented at the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (ASRA), November, 2022. View Poster Here.
• RD Mattie, MD, JA Kost, MD, EP Washabaugh, MD, DD Lester, MD, CA Zurn, MS, ND Crosby, PhD, JW Boggs, PhD. Pain relief following 60-day peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) of the cervical medial branch nerves: a real-world retrospective review. As presented at Pacific Spine Pain Society (PSPS) Annual (2022) Conference, September 2022. View Poster Here.
• Strand N, D’Souza RS, Hagedorn JM, Pritzlaff S, Sayed D, Azeem N, Abd-Elsayed A, Escobar A, Huntoon MA, Lam CM, Deer TR. Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines from the American Society of Pain and Neuroscience for the Use of Implantable Peripheral Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Chronic Pain, Journal of Pain Research, August 2022.
• Pingree MJ, Hurdle MGB, Spinner DA, Valimahomed A, Crosby ND, Boggs JW. Real-world evidence of sustained improvement following 60-day peripheral nerve stimulation treatment for pain: a cross-sectional follow-up survey, Pain Management, May 2022
• Naidu R, Li S, Desai MJ, Sheth S, Crosby ND, Boggs JW, 60-Day PNS Treatment May Improve Identification of Delayed Responders and Delayed Non-Responders to Neurostimulation for Pain Relief, Journal of Pain Research, March 2022.
• Gulati A, Deer TR, Ottestad E, Erdek M, Spinner D, Staats P. Understanding the role of patient preference in the treatment algorithm for chronic low back pain: results from a survey-based study, Pain Management, September 2021.
• Gilmore CA, Desai MJ, Hopkins TJ, Li S, DePalma MJ, Deer TR, Grace W, Burgher AH, Sayal PK, Amirdelfan K, Cohen SP, McGee MJ, Boggs JW, Treatment of Chronic Axial Back Pain with 60-day Percutaneous Medial Branch PNS: Primary Endpoint Results from a Prospective, Multicenter Study, PAIN Practice, July 2021.
• Ilfeld BM, Plunkett A, Vijjeswarapu AM, Hackworth R, Dhanjal S, Turan A, Cohen SP, Eisenach JC, Griffith S, Hanling S, Sessler DI, Mascha EJ, Yang D, Boggs JW, Wongsarnpigoon A, Gelfand H Percutaneous, Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (Neuromodulation) for Postoperative Pain: A Randomized, Sham-controlled Pilot Study, Anesthesiology, April 2021.
• Deer TR, Eldabe S, Falowski SM, Huntoon MA, Staats PS, Cassar IR, Crosby ND, Boggs JW. Peripherally-Induced Reconditioning of the CNS: Proposed Mechanisms for Sustained Relief Following 60-Day Percutaneous PNS Treatment, Journal of Pain Research, 12 March 2021 Volume 2021:14 Pages 721-736.
• Deer TR, Gilmore CA, Desai MJ, Li SC, DePalma MJ, Hopkins TJ, Burgher AH, Spinner DA, Cohen SP, McGee MJ, Boggs JW. Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation of the Medial Branch Nerves for the Treatment of Chronic Axial Back Pain in Patients After Radiofrequency Ablation, Pain Medicine, 2021; pnaa432
• Gulati A, Desai MJ, Rosenow JM, Cohen SP, Crosby ND, Boggs JW. Sustained Pain Relief Following 60-Day Percutaneous PNS in Majority of Patients: Review of Clinical Evidence, 2021. View Poster Here.
• Gulati A, Desai MJ, Rosenow JM, Cohen SP, Crosby ND, Boggs JW. A Review of Clinical Evidence for Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Demonstrating Sustained Relief of Chronic Pain in a Majority of Subjects. As presented at 2020 American Society for Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN). View Poster here.
• Gilmore, C, Kapural, L, Hopkins T, Desai M, Li S, DePalma M, Deer TR, Burgher A, McGee M, Boggs J. Reductions in Opioid Consumption Reported among Chronic Low Back Pain Patients Following Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (PNS) of the Medial Branch Nerves for up to 60 Days. As presented at American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine November 2019.
• Gilmore CA, Kapural L, McGee M, Boggs JW. Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Low Back Pain: Prospective Case Series with One Year of Sustained Relief following Short‐term Implant. Pain Pract. 2019 Nov 6.
• Gilmore CA, Ilfeld BM, Rosenow JM, Li S, Desai MJ, Hunter CW, Rauck RL, Nader A, Mak J, Cohen SP, Crosby ND, Boggs JW. Percutaneous 60-day Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Implant Provides Sustained Relief of Chronic Pain Following Amputation: 12-month Follow-Up of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 2020; 45:44-51. View Poster Here. 
• Gilmore CA, Kapural L, McGee M, Boggs JW. Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Low Back Pain: Prospective Case Series with One Year of Sustained Relief following Short‐term Implant. Pain Pract. 2019
• Cohen S, Gilmore C, Kapural L, Hopkins T, Desai M, DePalma M, Li S, Burgher A, Deer T, Plunkett T, McGee M, Boggs J. Reductions in Opioid Consumption with Percutaneous Medial Branch Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Low Back Pain as presented at the Military Health Research Symposium August 21, 2019, Kissimmee, FL.
• Ilfeld BM, Ball ST, Cohen SP, Hanling SR, Fowler IM, Wongsarnpigoon A, Boggs JW. Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation to Control Postoperative Pain, Decrease Opioid Use, and Accelerate Functional Recovery Following Orthopedic Trauma. Mil Med. 2019 Mar 1;184(Supplement_1):557-564.
• Physician Survey Data from PNS Leadership Forum, Scottsdale AZ, December 2019. Data on file SPR Therapeutics.
• Patient Preference Survey, 2019. Data on file SPR Therapeutics.
• Cohen SP, Gilmore CA, Kapural L, Hanling S, Plunkett A, McGee MJ, Boggs JW. Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Pain Reduction and Improvements in Functional Outcomes in Chronic Low Back Pain. Mil Med. 2019 Mar 1;184(Supplement_1):537-541.
• Cohen SP, Gilmore CA, Rauck RL, Lester DD, Trainer RJ, Phan T, Kapural L, North JM, Crosby ND, Boggs JW. Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Pain Following Amputation. Military Medicine, 2019:10.1093/milmed/usz114.
• Christopher A. Gilmore, MD et al, Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Neuropathic Post-Amputation Pain: A Multi-Center Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 2019.
• Ilfeld, B.M., J.J.t. Finneran, R.A. Gabriel, E.T. Said, P.L. Nguyen, W.B. Abramson, B. Khatibi, J.F. Sztain, M.W. Swisher, P. Jaeger, D.C. Covey, M.J. Meunier, E.R. Hentzen, and C.M. Robertson, Ultrasound-guided percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation: neuromodulation of the suprascapular nerve and brachial plexus for postoperative analgesia following ambulatory rotator cuff repair. A proof-of-concept study. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2019.
• Wilson, Richard D., et al. Fully Implantable Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain: A Multi‐Site Case Series With Two‐Year Follow‐Up. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 21.3 (2018): 290-295.
• Gilmore CA, Kapural L, McGee MJ, Boggs JW. Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (PNS) for the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain Provides Sustained Relief. Neuromodulation. 2018 Oct 3.
• Ilfeld, Brian M., et al., Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: Neuromodulation of the Sciatic Nerve for Postoperative Analgesia Following Ambulatory Foot Surgery, a Proof-of-Concept Study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2018. 43(6): p. 580–589.
• Ilfeld B.M., Ball S.T., Gabriel R.A., Sztain J.F., Monahan A.M., Abramson W.B., Khatibi B., Said E.T., Parekh J., Grant S.A., Wongsarnpigoon A., Boggs J.W. 2018. A Feasibility Study of Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Postoperative Pain Following Total Knee Arthroplasty. Neuromodulation; 22 (5), 653-660
• Shellock, FG, Zare A, Ilfeld BM, Chae J, Strother, RB (2018).Vitro Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Fragmented, Open-Coil, Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Leads. Neuromodulation Volume 21, Issue 3, 276-283.
• Gilmore, C.A., Kapural, L, McGee, M.J., Boggs, J.W. (2018). Minimally invasive percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) reduces pain and disability in chronic low back pain. World Congress on Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (ASRA), 2018.
• Gilmore C.A., Ilfeld B.M., Rosenow J.M., Li S., Desai M.J., Hunter C.W., Nader A., Mak J., Rauck R.L., Kapural L., Crosby N.D., Boggs J.W. (2018). Percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) for the treatment of chronic neuropathic post-amputation pain: Initial results from a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Napa Pain Conference.
• Staats, P. Neuromodulation as an Alternative to Opioid in the Evolving Health Care Crisis – A Supplement to Pain Medicine News (2017)
• lIfeld, B. M., et al., Ultrasound-guided percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation for analgesia following total knee arthroplasty Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research (2017)
• Kapural L, Gilmore CA, Chae J, et al. Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain: Two Clinical Case Reports of Sustained Pain Relief. Pain Pract. 2017.
• Ilfeld, B.M., Gilmore, C.A., Grant, S.A., Bolognesi, M. P., Del Gaizo, D.J., Wongsarnpigoon, A., & Boggs, J.W. (2017). Ultrasound-guided percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation for analgesia following total knee arthroplasty: a prospective feasibility study. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 12(1), 4.
• Ilfeld, B.M. and S.A. Grant, Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Postoperative Analgesia: Could Neurostimulation Replace Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks? Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2016.
• Ilfeld, B. M., et al., Infection Rates of Electrical Leads Used for Percutaneous Neurostimulation of the Peripheral Nervous System. Pain Pract. (2016)
• Ilfeld, B.M., Grant, S.A., Gilmore, C.A., Chae, J., Wilson, R.D., Wongsarnpigoon, A., & Boggs, J.W. (2016). Neurostimulation for Postsurgical Analgesia: A Novel System Enabling Ultrasound-guided Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation. Pain Practice, 17(7), 892-901.
• Nguyen, V.Q., et al., Fully implantable peripheral nerve stimulation for the treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain: a case report. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2015. 94(2): p. 146-53.
• Rauck, R.L., Cohen, S.P., Gilmore, C.A., North, J.M., Kapural, L., Zang, R.H., & Boggs, J.W. (2014). Treatment of post-amputation pain with peripheral nerve stimulation. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, 17(2), 188-197.
• Wilson, R.D., Harris, M. A., Gunzler, D.D., Bennett, M.E., & Chae, J. (2014). Percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation for chronic pain in subacromial impingement syndrome: a case series. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, 17(8), 771-776.
• Wilson, R.D., Gunzler, D.D., Bennett, M.E., & Chae, J. (2014). Peripheral nerve stimulation compared with usual care for pain relief of hemiplegic shoulder pain: a randomized controlled trial. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation/Association of Academic Physiatrists, 93(1), 17.
• Chae, J., Wilson, R.D., Bennett, M.E., Lechman, T. E., & Stager, K.W. (2013). Single-lead percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation for the treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain: a case series. Pain practice, 13(1), 59-67.
• Rauck, R.L., et al., Peripheral nerve stimulation for the treatment of post-amputation pain–a case report. Pain practice: the official journal of World Institute of Pain, 2012. 12(8): p. 649-55.
• Stolzenberg, D., G. Siu, and E. Cruz, Current and future interventions for glenohumeral subluxation in hemiplegia secondary to stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil, 2012. 19(5): p. 444-56.
• Wilson, R.D., et al., Single-lead percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation for the treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain: a case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2011. 92(5): p. 837-40.
• Chae, J., et al., Intramuscular electrical stimulation for shoulder pain in hemiplegia: does time from stroke onset predict treatment success? Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2007. 21(6): p. 561-7.
• Chae, J., David, T.Y., Walker, M.E., Kirsteins, A., Elovic, E.P., Flanagan, S.R., & Fang, Z.P. (2005) Intramuscular electrical stimulation for hemiplegic shoulder pain: a 12-month follow-up of a multiple-center, randomized clinical trial. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation, 84(11), 832-842.
• Renzenbrink, G.J. and I.J. MJ, Percutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (P-NMES) for treating shoulder pain in chronic hemiplegia. Effects on shoulder pain and quality of life. Clin Rehabil, 2004. 18(4): p. 359-65.
• Yu, D.T., et al., Intramuscular neuromuscular electric stimulation for poststroke shoulder pain: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2004. 85(5): p. 695-704.
• Chae, J., D. Yu, and M. Walker, Percutaneous, intramuscular neuromuscular electrical stimulation for the treatment of shoulder subluxation and pain in chronic hemiplegia: a case report. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2001. 80(4): p. 296-301.
• Yu, D.T., Chae, J., Walker, M.E., & Fang, Z. P. (2001). Percutaneous intramuscular neuromuscular electric stimulation for the treatment of shoulder subluxation and pain in patients with chronic hemiplegia: a pilot study. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 82(1), 20-25.